April 05, 2025

News @ RB

Announcement of New Website: Rohingya Today (RohingyaToday.Com) Dear Readers, From 1st January 2019 onward, the Rohingya News Portal 'Rohingya Blogger' will be renamed and upgraded as 'Rohingya Today'. Due to this transition to a new name, our website will be available at www.rohing...

Rohingya News @ Int'l Media

Maung Zarni, leader of the Free Rohingya Coalition, speaks at a news conference at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan in Tokyo on Thursday. | CHISATO TANAKA By Chisato Tanaka, Published by The Japan Times on October 25, 2018 A leader of a global network of activists for Rohingya Mu...

Myanmar News

By Sena Güler | Published by Anadolu Agency on December 1, 2018 Maung Zarni says he will boycott Beijing-sponsored events until the country reverses its 'troubling path' ANKARA -- A human rights activist and intellectual said he withdrew from a Beijing-sponsored forum in London to pro...

Video News

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Article @ RB

Oskar Butcher RB Article October 6, 2018 Every night in an unassuming shop space located in Mandalay’s 39thStreet, Lu Maw and Lu Zaw – the remaining members of the Burma’s most famous comedy trio, the Moustache Brothers – present their show: a curious combination of comedy, political sa...

Article @ Int'l Media

A demonstration over identity cards at a Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh in April, 2018. Image: NurPhoto/SIPA USA/PA Images. By Natalie Brinham | Published by Open Democracy on October 21, 2018 Wary of the past, Rohingya have frustrated the UN’s attempts to provide them with documenta...

Analysis @ RB

By M.S. Anwar | Opinion & Analysis The Burmese (Myanmar) quasi-civilian government unleashed a large-scale violence against the minority Rohingya in the western Myanmar state of Arakan in 2012. The violence, which some wrongly frame as ‘Communal’, was carried out by the Burmese armed forces...

Analysis @ Int'l Media

By Maung Zarni, Natalie Brinham | Published by Middle East Institute on November 20, 2018 “It is an ongoing genocide (in Myanmar),” said Mr. Marzuki Darusman, the head of the UN Human Rights Council-mandated Independent International Fact-Finding Mission at the official briefing at ...

Opinion @ RB

Rohingya refugees who fled from Myanmar wait to be let through by Bangladeshi border guards after crossing the border in Palang Khali, Bangladesh October 9, 2017. REUTERS/Damir Sagolj MS Anwar RB Opinion November 12, 2018 Some may differ. But I believe the government of Bangladesh is ...

Opinion @ Int'l Media

By Maung Zarni | Published by Anadolu Agency on December 15, 2018 US will not intercede, and Myanmar's neighbors see it through economic lens, so international coalition for Rohingya needed LONDON -- The U.S. House of Representatives Thursday overwhelmingly passed a resolution ca...

History @ RB

Aman Ullah  RB History August 25, 2016 The ethnic Rohingya is one of the many nationalities of the union of Burma. And they are one of the two major communities of Arakan; the other is Rakhine and Buddhist. The Muslims (Rohingyas) and Buddhists (Rakhines) peacefully co-existed in the A...

Rohingya History by Scholars

Dr. Maung Zarni's Remark: The best research on Rohingya history: British Orientalism which created the pseudo-scientific biological notion of "Taiyinthar" or "real natives" of #Myanmar caused that country's post-colonial cancer of official & popular genocidal Racism.  This co...

Report @ RB

(Photo: Soe Zeya Tun, Reuters) RB News  October 5, 2013  Thandwe, Arakan – Rakhinese mob in Thandwe started attacking Kaman Muslims on September 28, 2013. As a result, 5 Kaman Muslims were mercilessly killed and 1 was died in heart attack while escaping the attack. 781 Kaman Mus...

Report by Media/Org

Rohingya families arrive at a UNHCR transit centre near the village of Anjuman Para, Cox’s Bazar, south-east Bangladesh after spending four days stranded at the Myanmar border with some 6,800 refugees. (Photo: UNHCR/Roger Arnold) By UN News May 11, 2018 Late last year, as violent repressi...

Press Release

(Photo: Reuters) Joint Statement: Rohingya Groups Call on U.S. Government to Ensure International Accountability for Myanmar Military-Planned Genocide December 17, 2018  We, the undersigned Rohingya organizations worldwide, call for accountability for genocide and crimes against...

Rohingya Orgs Activities

RB News December 6, 2017 Tokyo, Japan -- Legislators from all parties, along with Human Rights Now, Human Rights Watch, and Save the Children, came together to host the emergency parliament in-house event “The Rohingya Human Rights Crisis and Japanese Diplomacy” on December 4th. The eve...

Petition

By Wyston Lawrence RB Petition October 15, 2017 There is one petition has been going on Change.org to remove Ven. Wira Thu from Facebook. He has been known as Buddhist Bin Laden. Time magazine published his image on their cover with the title of The Face of Buddhist Terror. The petitio...

Campaign

A human rights activist and genocide scholar from Burma Dr. Maung Zarni visits Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi Extermination Camp and calls on European governments - Britain, France, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Denmark, Hungary and Germany not to collaborate with the Evil - like they did with Hitler 75 ye...

Event

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Editorial by Int'l Media

By Dhaka Tribune Editorial November 5, 2017 How can we answer to our conscience knowing full-well what the Myanmar military is doing to the innocent Rohingya minority -- not even sparing children or pregnant women? Despite the on-going humanitarian crisis involving Rohingya refugees ...

Interview

Open Letter

RB Poem

Book Shelf

Is Myanmar out of the woods? by Speaker Dr.Zarni

Dr Zarni (Speaker) Dr Munir Majid (Chair)7 December 2011, Wednesday, COL 2.01 (aka B212) 11am to 1:30pm US Secretary of State Hilary Clinton visited Myanmar on 1st December. Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy is participating in elections. Leaders of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) [...] Read more

Demonstration calling for Chinese government to participate in restoring freedom and human rights in Burma and North Korea

To mark International Human Rights Day, people from the Burmese community, North Korean community and many supporters are standing together to call for justice and freedom in both countries. Burma Campaign UK and Christian Solidarity Worldwide have organised a demonstration today in front of the Chinese embassy in [...] Read more

အစိုးရသစ္က လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးခ်ဳိးေဖာက္မႈမ်ားကို အေမြဆက္ခံေနဆဲျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း HRDP ေျပာၾကား

HRDP  သမၼတဦးသိန္းစိန္ အစိုးရသစ္ လက္ထက္တြင္ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးခ်ဳိးေဖာက္မႈမ်ား ယခင္အစိုးရေဟာင္းနည္းတူ ဆက္လက္က်ဴးလြန္ေနလွ်က္ရွိေၾကာင္း လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးကာကြယ္ျမႇင့္တင္သူမ်ားကြန္ယက္ (HRDP) က ေျပာသည္။  ဧရာဝတီတို္င္းေဒသႀကီး၊ ဘိုကေလးၿမိဳ႕ေပၚတြင္ HRDP အဖြဲ႕မွ ယေန႔က်င္းပျပဳလုပ္သည့္ (၆၃) ႀကိမ္ေျမာက္ ႏုိင္ငံတကာ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးေန႔ အထိမ္းအမွတ္အခမ္းအနား သဘာပတိမိန္႔ခြန္းတြင္ ယခုကဲ့သုိ႔ ေျပာၾကားလိုက္ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။  “ယခုက ဒီမိုကေရစီစနစ္လို႔ ေျပာေနတဲ့အတြက္ ဘယ္လိုပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ ဒီမိုကေရစီစနစ္ဟာ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးကို လက္ခံရပါမယ္၊ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးရွိသင့္တယ္၊ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးနဲ႔ပတ္သက္တာေတြ မရွိဘူးဆိုရင္ ဒီမိုကေရစီအစိုးရ မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ဘူးလို႔ ေျပာခ်င္ပါတယ္” ဟု အခမ္းအနားသဘာပတိအျဖစ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္သူ ဦးေမာင္ေမာင္ေလးက ေျပာသည္။  အစိုးရသစ္တရပ္အေနျဖင့္ ယခင္အစိုးလက္ထပ္ကတည္းက လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးခ်ဳိးေဖာက္မႈမ်ားကို ခ်က္ခ်င္း ရပ္တန္႔ကာ ေနာက္ထပ္ [...] Read more

More difficult for Rohingya Refugee female to travel in Bangladesh

Teknaf, Bangladesh: The female Rohingya communities from northern Arakan who travel for medical treatment, are facing more difficult in Bangladesh than Burma, said a female patient from Maungdaw. “We are checking whole body including female private area by Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) female staff while entering to Bangladesh [...] Read more

ကခ်င္တြင္ ထိုးစစ္ရပ္ရန္ ကာခ်ဳပ္ကို သမၼတ ညႊန္ၾကားထား

ခ်င္းမုိင္(မဇၥ်ိမ) ။ ။ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္း အစိုးရတပ္မ်ားမွ ထိုးစစ္ဆင္ျခင္း၊ စစ္တပ္စခန္းမ်ား ေျပာင္းေရႊ႕ ျခင္းမ်ား ရပ္ဆုိင္းရန္အတြက္ သမၼတဦးသိန္းစိန္က ကာကြယ္ေရးဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္ မင္းေအာင္လႈိင္ထံ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ ၁ဝ ရက္ေန႔က ညႊန္ၾကားထားေၾကာင္း ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္က သတင္းစာ ရွင္းလင္းပြဲ၌ ေျပာဆိုခဲ့သည္။ ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ ကုိယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားက ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္တြင္းရွိ စစ္ေျပးဒုကၡသည္မ်ားကုိ က်ပ္ေငြ သိန္း ၇၀၀ ကုိ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္ အစုိးရထံ အပ္ႏွင္းသည့္ အခမ္းအနားႏွင့္ သတင္းစာ ရွင္းလင္းပြဲကို တနဂၤလာေန႔ နံနက္က ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့ရာတြင္ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ ဦးလဂြ်န္ငံဆုိင္းက ေျပာဆိုခဲ့ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ “ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး အလႉေငြ ေပးအပ္ပြဲ လုပ္ရင္းနဲ႔ ဂ်ာနယ္ [...] Read more

Religious Liberty's 'Flicker of Progress'

By Doug Bandow  Assessing the situation in Burma after the Clinton mission. Dwight Eisenhower went to Korea and Hillary Clinton went to Burma. True, it's not quite the same. Nevertheless, Clinton recent trip was almost as dramatic, coming after Washington's lengthy campaign to isolate the brutal military regime [...] Read more

ျပည္သူေတြ ပါ၀င္ရမယ့္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးတစ္ေခတ္ဆန္းၿပီ (ေမာင္၀ံသ)

The Messenger မက္ဆင္ဂ်ာ ဂ်ာနယ္ ယခုပတ္ထုတ္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့တဲ့ ေဆာင္းပါး။ ၿဗိတိသွ်ကိုလိုနီနယ္ခ်ဲ႕အစိုးရကို ရရာလက္နက္ မီးက်ိဳးေမာင္းပ်က္ေတြနဲ႔ ခုခံေတာ္လွန္ခဲ့တဲ့ လယ္သမားေခါင္းေဆာင္ႀကီး ဆရာစံ ႀကိဳးေပးကြပ္မ်က္ျခင္း ခံခဲ့ရမႈ (၈၀) ႏွစ္ေျမာက္ အခမ္းအနားကို ဆရာစံရဲ႕ ဂဠဳန္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး အေျခစိုက္ခဲ့ရာ သာယာ၀တီၿမိဳ႕မွာ ႏိုင္ငံေရး အင္အားစုေတြနဲ႔ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ပါတီေတြက ႀကီးမွဴးၿပီး ပထမဆံုးအႀကိမ္အျဖစ္ က်င္းပခဲ့တယ္ဆိုတဲ့ သတင္းကို ၾကားသိခဲ့ရတယ္ဗ်။ အဲသလိုပဲ ကိုလိုနီေခတ္မွာ ျမန္မာျပည္သူတြကို ပထမဆံုး ႏိုင္ငံေရးမ်က္စိ ဖြင့္ေပးခဲ့သူ၊ အဲဒီတုန္းက ၿဗိတိသွ်ႏိုင္ငံသား ျမန္မာျပည္ ဘုရင္ခံကို ]ကရက္ေဒါက္ ဂက္ေတာက္}ဆိုတဲ့ ေမာင္းထုတ္တဲ့စကားနဲ႔အတူ ႏိုင္ငံေရးတရားမ်ားကို ရဲရဲေတာက္ ေဟာေျပာခဲ့သူ ဆရာေတာ္ [...] Read more

Demands of the Rohingya refugees

1. Background Recently, bilateral talk has been taken placed in between the government of Burma and Bangladesh regarding refugee repatriation. However, the situation in Arakan, after the election, becomes worst than ever. The persecution and the human rights violation accelerated than before. It is too early to repatriate [...] Read more

ဘဂၤလားက ျမန္မာ မြတ္ဆလင္ ဒုကၡသည္ေတြ မျပန္ခ်င္ by BBC Burmese interview Rohingya Refugee

ဘဂၤလားေဒခ်္႔ နုိင္ငံမွာ ရွိေနတဲ့ ျမန္မာမြတ္ဆလင္ ဒုကၡသည္ စခန္းႏွစ္ခုက ဒုကၡသည္ ၂၉၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္ကုိ ျပန္ပုိ႔ဖုိ႔ သေဘာတူညီမႈ ရခဲ့ေပမဲ့လည္း၊ ဒုကၡသည္ေတြ ကေတာ့ သူတုိ႔လုိလားေနတဲ့ ေတာင္းဆုိခ်က္ေတြကုိ မရဘူးဆုိရင္ မျပန္ႏုိင္ဘူးဆုိျပီး ေျပာဆုိတယ္လုိ႔ သိရပါတယ္။ ဘဂၤလားေဒခ်္႔ ဝန္ၾကီးခ်ဳပ္ ရွိတ္ဟာဆီနာရဲ့ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ ခရီးစဥ္အတြင္းမွာ နာရာပါရာနဲ႔ ကုိတုိ႔ပါေလာင္ ဆုိတဲ့ ျမန္မာမြတ္ဆလင္ ဒုကၡသည္ေတြကုိ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ ျပန္ပုိ႔ေရး သေဘာတူညီမႈ ရရွိခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္လည္း စခန္းထဲမွာ ရွိေနတဲ့ ဒုကၡသည္ေတြကေတာ့ သူတုိ႔ေတာင္းဆုိထားတဲ့ ေတာင္းဆုိခ်က္ေတြ မရရင္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံကုိ မျပန္ဖုိ႔ ဆုံးျဖတ္ထားေၾကာင္း၊ ဒုကၡသည္ တဦးျဖစ္သူ ဦးေမာင္သိန္းက [...] Read more

The untold love story of Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi

Aung San Suu Kyi, whose story is told in a new film, went from devoted Oxford housewife to champion of Burmese democracy - but not without great personal sacrifice.Michael Aris, Aung San Suu Kyi and their first son Alexander, in 1973 Photo: ARIS FAMILY COLLECTION/GETTY IMAGES By Rebecca [...] Read more

Burmese Days

 by Shashi Tharoor US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s recent visit to Myanmar (Burma), noted largely for a memorable photo opportunity with a wan but smiling Aung San Suu Kyi, signaled a significant change in the geopolitics surrounding a land that has faced decades of isolation, sanctions, and [...] Read more

Statement on International Human Rights Day 2011

Today is the 63rd Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. People in all across the world are celebrating the International Human Rights Day. The declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, which prohibited all forms of discrimination, torture and cruel, inhuman [...] Read more

Australian delegation visits Rohingya refugee camp

Teknaf, Bangladesh: A two-member Australian delegation led by Australian High Commissioner of Bangladesh Dr Justin Lee visited the Nayapara official refugee camp on December 8, at about 11:00 am, said a refugee leader on condition of anonymity.  “The delegation observed the whole camp including schools and cottage industry [...] Read more

BROUK Condemns Sentencing 63 Rohingyas on Immigration Charge

We at BROUK strongly condemn the sentencing of 63 innocent Rohingya boat people to one and a half years each by a Burmese court, under immigration law, after their boat ended up on the shores of southern Burma. According to our reliable source they were left stranded at [...] Read more

Joint statement by Burma and Bangladesh, stated about Rohingya refugees issue

Refugees living in the Nayapara and Kutupalong refugee camps and the huge number of undocumented Burmese nationals living in Bangladesh should be returned quickly, according to a joint statement by Burma and Bangladesh. The statement came following a two-day visit to Burma by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina of [...] Read more

(Hong Kong) Despite signs of political change and the easing of restrictions on freedom of expression in Burma, rights abuses remain "systemic, deeply entrenched and vast in scale", the Asian Human Rights Commission said today in its annual State of Human Rights in Asia report. 

The 17-page Burma report, entitled "From blinkered to market-oriented despotism" synthesizes and analyses a number of key human rights issues from throughout the year, including civil war, land confiscations, the passing of anti-poor and anti-democratic laws in the new semi-civilian parliament, the absence of a judiciary capable of protecting human rights, and ongoing detention of political prisoners. 

"It is obvious that none of the instruments and institutions available for the making of complaint of rights abuses in Burma come remotely close to what under international standards would satisfy the requirements for remedies for human rights violations," the AHRC said. 

"Despite the political changes of the year and associated fanfare, the judiciary in Burmaremains inert, tied to the executive, and incapable of performing even basic functions for the defence of human rights," it added.

Wong Kai Shing, director of the Hong Kong-based regional rights group, said that it was good that rule-of-law issues in Burma are starting to get attention, but that it would be a long time before judicial institutions could work to protect human rights, even if the political will exists. 

"The beginning of a discussion on rule of law in Burma is enormously important, but the amount of work that will have to be put into giving meaning to rule of law there is enormous," Wong said. 

"In the meantime, economic and social conditions are changing quickly, and will change even more quickly in the next few years, and our concern is that this change will fast outpace any equivalent change for the better in institutions for the rule of law," he added. 

The AHRC in its report highlighted the increasing incidence of land grabbing in Burmaby companies linked to the army. 

"This is an emerging phenomenon in Burma and one that we have to document and research carefully to understand its characteristics and implications," Wong said. 

In the past, land grabbing in Burma was conducted mainly by the armed forces and other state agencies directly, but increasingly in the last few years it has been linked to private economic interests. 

"Our concern is that within a few years Burma could go the way of Cambodia, where land grabbing is massive and practically no legal or institutional arrangements exist to do anything about it," he added. 

The report also includes details of a number of cases of illegally or unjustly imprisoned people on whose cases the AHRC is working, including those of Htun Oo and 13 other persons charged over a bombing in Pegu during 2010; 22-year-old Kaung Myat Hlaing, sentenced to 10 years in jail for allegedly sending some politically oriented photographs through the Internet; six men in 2010 were accused of having contact with an insurgent group in the east of Burma, one of whom was tortured to death during interrogation; and, the case of U Gambhira, a monk who was at the forefront of the 2007 protest movement.

The report is available online at here

Some extracts from the report follow. 


BURMA: From blinkered to market-oriented despotism?

Since a new quasi-parliamentary government led by former army officers began work inBurma (Myanmar) earlier this year, some observers have argued that the government is showing a commitment to bring about, albeit cautiously, reforms that will result in an overall improvement in human rights conditions. 

The question remains, though, as to whether the new government constitutes the beginning of a real shift from the blinkered despotism of its predecessors to a new form of government, or simply to a type of semi-enlightened and market-oriented despotism, the sort of which has been more common in Asia than the type of outright military domination experienced by Burma for most of the last half-century. 

From farmlands to factories
While much of the current discussion about economic reform has concerned changes to the banking system, foreign exchange, and investment laws, none of these issues go to the problems of massive poverty afflicting millions of people all across the country, or the ever-growing gap between the wealthy few and the many poor. 

One cause for particular concern, and one that the AHRC has followed closely, is the convergence of military, business and administrative interests in new economic projects aimed at displacing ordinary people from land. 

Concerns over the future of farmers and rural dwellers in Burma were heightened, rather than diminished, when during the second sitting of the new semi-elected parliament in Burma this year, the government submitted a draft land law. Rather than protecting cultivators’ rights, the bill undercuts them at practically every point, through a variety of provisions aimed at enabling rather than inhibiting land grabbing. It invites takeover of land with government authorization for the purpose of practically any activity, not merely for other forms of cultivation. 

No competent judiciary, no remedies for violations
It is obvious that none of the instruments and institutions available for the making of complaint of rights abuses in Burma come remotely close to what under international standards would satisfy the requirements for remedies for human rights violations. In the absence of an independent judiciary or minimally functioning institutions of the sort that are presumed to exist when these types of questions are discussed at the international level, nothing in the existing arrangements can be described as satisfying the requirements of international standards. 

Despite the political changes of the year and associated fanfare, the judiciary in Burmaremains inert, tied to the executive, and incapable of performing even basic functions for the defence of human rights. Since the start of the year, structural changes to the judiciary under the 2008 Constitution have not materialized in any meaningful way. On the contrary, the courts continue to be as closed and obscured from public view as before, perhaps even more so. 

Consequently, police, soldiers and other state officers or paramilitary groups attached to the state continue to be able to use and abuse their powers with impunity. Very often, they do so in the context of personal disputes, with the knowledge that the victims ofabuses have no recourse. Sometimes, they act specifically in response to attempts of people to attract the attention of officials to their problems. 

Legal professionals say that the amount of corruption in the system is growing exponentially, as the costs of living rise and more and more judges and lawyers look to whatever opportunities they can to make as much money as they can. In some courts, lawyers estimate that up to 70 per cent of cases are decided in part or whole through the payment of money. 

Political reconciliation by hostage taking
Over the last few years, prisoner releases in which political detainees have also featured have been a regular event in Burma. Each release is an opportunity for the political leadership to temporarily pay the role of benefactor, and enjoy some praise for whatever largesse it has managed to generate through the freeing from detention of persons who should have never been detained in the first place, persons whose "crimes" constituted acts that in most other countries are taken for granted. It is for this reason that such releases of detainees are indicative not of a system operating according to rational law, but one operating according to feudal principles, in which a regal figure earns the gratitude of his subjects for the merciful exercise of arbitrary power.

Reports of ill treatment of detainees continued throughout the year, and the AHRC made a number of interventions on these, although appeals issued constituted only a fraction of the reported incidents. 

Of special concern was the case of U Gambhira, a monk who was at the forefront of the 2007 protest movement, and who is reportedly suffering from serious illness. In October, the AHRC director, Wong Kai Shing, wrote personally to the president ofBurma, U Thein Sein, a former general and prime minister of the previous government, calling for urgent humanitarian intervention on behalf of the monk.

Widespread accusations also persist of maltreatment during police interrogation. A senior legal expert alleged in a signed open letter that police drugged his client during interrogation. 

Allegations that relate to abuses of human rights committed while under custody again present an opportunity for all concerned agencies and individuals to press for the International Committee of the Red Cross to be allowed to resume its visits to places of detention in Burma. The denial of access to the ICRC is related to the alleged drugging of accused persons, since both relate to an official mentality that nobody has a right to know what really goes on behind the closed doors of police stations and prisons. Where even the principle of an outside agency confidentially monitoring detainees’ conditions in accordance with a globally established mandate is unacceptable, there is no chance of anyone keeping tabs on what officials do to people in their custody. Acceptance of external monitoring of basic conditions is a prerequisite for allegations like these to be addressed in any meaningful way. 

Conclusion
Ultimately, the expression, enjoyment and defence of human rights are about participation: not the type of fraudulent, managed participation imagined by military types and technocratic administrators, but the opportunity for genuine participation of the sort that the people of Burma have attempted repeatedly to obtain for themselves, most recently in the nationwide protests of 2007. No such opportunity exists at the present time, and so nor has there been any sign of public participation in the political rejigging of the army-run system during 2011. 

The reason for this lack of participation is that people are, after all, not stupid, as the military and commercial elite in Burma has repeatedly made the mistake of thinking. A few soldiers pulling off their trousers and putting on sarongs fools nobody. Indeed, it did not fool anybody last time it was done, in 1974, when a new "civilian" government rather than being greeted with applause or praise was greeted with widespread strikes and public protests. This time around, the presence of Aung San Suu Kyi and some other trusted national figures has allowed the new government to negotiate the political waters a little better, but it has not yet brought public participation, and people's tolerance will only last so long.

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